Birthmarks: Types, Causes, and Treatment Options

A birthmark is a skin discoloration or marking that appears at birth or shortly after. They can vary in size, shape, and color, ranging from small, light patches to larger, darker spots. While most birthmarks are harmless, some may require medical evaluation if they change in appearance or cause discomfort.

Many people choose to embrace their birthmarks, while others explore treatment options for cosmetic or medical reasons. Whether you’re looking to understand what causes birthmarks or want to know if removal is possible, this guide from Dr. Mounir M. Wassef and his skilled dermatology team at DCSI will provide all the essential information.

With locations in Delray Beach and Wellington, they prioritize patient needs while helping treat various dermatological conditions, including those related to the skin, hair, and nails.

Types and Characteristics

These skin discolorations fall into two main categories: vascular birthmarks and pigmented birthmarks. Each type has unique characteristics, causes, and potential treatment options.

Vascular Birthmarks

Vascular birthmarks form due to abnormal blood vessels beneath the skin. These birthmarks are often red, purple, or blue and can appear anywhere on the body. Common vascular birthmarks include:

• Hemangiomas – Raised red or purple birthmarks that often grow in the first few months of life before gradually fading. Some may leave behind slight discoloration or excess skin.
• Port-Wine Stains – Formally referred to as nevus flammeus, these are flat, reddish-purple birthmarks that do not fade over time. They are caused by dilated blood vessels and can sometimes thicken with age.
• Salmon Patches (also called Stork Bites or Angel Kisses) – Light pink or reddish marks, typically found on the forehead, eyelids, or back of the neck. These often fade as a child grows.

Pigmented Birthmarks

Pigmented birthmarks develop due to an excess of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. These birthmarks can be light brown, dark brown, or even bluish in tone.

Common pigmented birthmarks include:

• Café-au-Lait Spots – Light brown patches that may appear anywhere on the body. While a few are normal, multiple café-au-lait spots could indicate a genetic condition like neurofibromatosis.
• Dermal Melanocytosis (formerly referred to as Mongolian Spots) – Bluish-gray patches often seen on the lower back or buttocks of infants, especially in individuals with darker skin tones. These marks typically fade over time.
• Congenital Moles – Also known as congenital nevi, these are moles present at birth. Larger congenital moles may have a slightly higher risk of developing into skin cancer later in life, so monitoring is recommended.

Congenital vs. Acquired Birthmarks

Some birthmarks, like congenital nevi and port-wine stains, are present at birth. Others, such as café-au-lait spots or certain hemangiomas, may develop later in childhood. While congenital birthmarks remain constant over time, acquired birthmarks can sometimes darken, lighten, or change in size.

What Causes Birthmarks?

The exact cause of birthmarks is not always known, but researchers believe they form due to genetic and developmental factors. Some birthmarks result from abnormal blood vessel formation, while others stem from excess melanin production in the skin.

There is no proven way to prevent birthmarks, as they typically develop during fetal growth. Although many believe birthmarks are inherited, most cases occur randomly without a clear genetic link.

When to See a Dermatologist for a Birthmark

Most birthmarks are harmless and do not require medical treatment. However, some birthmarks might be indicators of more serious skin conditions and should be evaluated by a dermatologist, especially if they:

• Grow rapidly, change in shape, or develop irregular borders.
• Causing discomfort, bleeding, or itching.
• Are located in sensitive areas, such as near the eyes or mouth.
• Appears alongside other skin abnormalities.

If a birthmark raises cosmetic concerns, treatment options are available to help reduce its appearance or remove it entirely.

Birthmark Treatment and Removal Options

While many birthmarks fade over time, some may remain permanent or become more noticeable. Dermatologists offer various treatments based on the type, size, and location of the birthmark.

Laser Birthmark Removal

Laser therapy is a common option for vascular birthmarks, particularly port-wine stains and hemangiomas. The laser targets blood vessels, helping to lighten discoloration and reduce thickness. Multiple sessions may be needed for optimal results.

Surgical Excision

For larger or raised birthmarks, surgical removal may be necessary. This is often used for congenital moles that pose a potential health risk or for those that are in high-friction areas. A dermatologist, such as Dr. Mounir M. Wassef of DCSI, will determine if surgery is the best approach based on the birthmark’s size and location.

Topical and Injectable Treatments

Certain topical medications or injections may help lighten birthmarks over time. Corticosteroids, which are often used to help treat eczema, can shrink certain vascular birthmarks, while topical creams with hydroquinone or retinoids may lighten those that are pigmented. These treatments work best for milder cases and often require continuous use.

Living With Birthmarks: Confidence and Care

Many people embrace their markings as unique features that add to their identity. However, for those who feel self-conscious, professional treatments can help.

Sun protection is especially important for birthmarks, as excessive sun exposure can cause darkening or irritation. Applying broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher helps prevent changes in pigmentation and protects sensitive areas from damage.

Additionally, makeup and concealers can be effective for temporarily covering birthmarks. Dermatologists can recommend skin-safe products for those seeking non-permanent solutions.

Expert Dermatology Care for Birthmarks

While most birthmarks are harmless, it’s important to monitor any changes and seek professional advice if needed. Whether you’re concerned about a birthmark’s appearance, location, or potential health risks, a dermatologist can provide personalized recommendations based on your skin’s needs.

At Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery Institute (DCSI), we specialize in evaluating and treating all types of birthmarks, from minor discolorations to surgical dermatology for conditions such as complex vascular lesions.

If you’re considering birthmark removal or simply want expert guidance, read our reviews. Then, schedule a consultation today to explore your options. Our team is here to help you feel confident in your skin!

SOURCE:
John Hopkins Medicine – Birthmarks